{"id":306,"date":"2023-09-15T15:26:04","date_gmt":"2023-09-15T19:26:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labsites.rochester.edu\/andrewjelliotresearchlab\/?page_id=306"},"modified":"2025-06-10T11:33:38","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T15:33:38","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/labsites.rochester.edu\/andrewjelliotresearchlab\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"style-210 style-local-306-c1 position-relative\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c1\">\n<div id=\"initial-content\" class=\"h-section h-section-global-spacing d-flex align-items-lg-center align-items-md-center align-items-center style-211 style-local-306-c2 position-relative\" data-colibri-component=\"section\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c2\">\n<div class=\"h-section-grid-container h-section-boxed-container\">\n<div class=\"h-row-container gutters-row-lg-2 gutters-row-md-2 gutters-row-0 gutters-row-v-lg-2 gutters-row-v-md-2 gutters-row-v-2 style-240 style-local-306-c30 position-relative\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c30\">\n<div class=\"h-row justify-content-lg-center justify-content-md-center justify-content-center align-items-lg-stretch align-items-md-stretch align-items-stretch gutters-col-lg-2 gutters-col-md-2 gutters-col-0 gutters-col-v-lg-2 gutters-col-v-md-2 gutters-col-v-2\">\n<div class=\"h-column h-column-container d-flex h-col-lg-auto h-col-md-auto h-col-auto style-241-outer style-local-306-c31-outer\">\n<div class=\"d-flex h-flex-basis h-column__inner h-px-lg-2 h-px-md-2 h-px-2 v-inner-lg-2 v-inner-md-2 v-inner-2 style-241 style-local-306-c31 position-relative\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c31\">\n<div class=\"w-100 h-y-container h-column__content h-column__v-align flex-basis-100 align-self-lg-start align-self-md-start align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"h-global-transition-all h-heading style-242 style-local-306-c32 position-relative h-element\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c32\">\n<h3><b>2025 Publications (Selected):<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1iErghiBnrv9KnxXWRxp9pob3Pbl7i7PX\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J., Alzaidi, A., Weissman, D. L., &amp; Kobeisy, N. (2025). Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students. <em>Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 53, 438-455<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/112o-Y67w5v3_Yla587Hi_pmdE_bsYo4u\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teachers\u2019 metamotivational knowledge about students\u2019 achievement goals<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Elliot, A. J., Bolat, \u00d6., Antalyali, O., &amp; Gilbert, K. (in press). Teachers\u2019 metamotivational knowledge about students\u2019 achievement goals. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1brkfqgRe_597irtla7TyJYN4go77Oeay\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The (absence of the) presence-absence distinction in motivation science<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J., Higgins, E. T., &amp; Nakkawita, E. (2025). The (absence of the) presence-absence distinction in motivation science.<em> Psychological Review, 132, 154-172<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1sx1YVjRnh9amYkP784H7vcArXJhhOKAk\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A HEAP of parental expectations: A taxonomy and accompanying measure of students\u2019 experience of high academic expectations<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hangen, E. J., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Jamieson, J. P. (in press). A HEAP of parental expectations: A taxonomy and accompanying measure of students\u2019 experience of high academic expectations. <em>Journal of Experimental Education<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1mxxTDvwegVSDyEqk345i7XMH83B_1CHA\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Identity as a resource or a demand<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Singh, K., Elliot, A. J., Handley, E., &amp; Jamieson, J. (2025). Identity as a resource or a demand. <em>PLOS ONE, 20, e0318449.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><strong>2024 Publications (Selected):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Cs8A9i44VSp7uvm_JTKC4g-8ABWA-2BE\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Income inequality is associated with heightened test anxiety and lower academic achievement: A cross-national study in 51 countries<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cai, Y., King, R. B., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2024). Income inequality is associated with heightened test anxiety and lower academic achievement: A cross-national study in 51 countries. <em>Learning and Instruction<\/em>. 89, 101825.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Ey3bOjhe3Q69fvmdU6_LegiRD1cTG2uS\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A meta-analysis of the relations between achievement goals and internalizing problems<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Diaconu-Gherasim, L. R., Elliot, A. J., M\u0103irean, C., Zancu, A. S., Brumariu, L. E., &amp; Crumpei-T\u0103nase, I. (2024). A meta-analysis of the relations between achievement goals and internalizing problems. <em>Educational Psychology Review, 36, <\/em>109.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1XZmz3KJtiuDBcC1uM11zTEWf9GiHT2Lx\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Metamotivational knowledge of others\u2019 achievement goals in a work context<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J., Weissman, D. L., Sommet, N., &amp; Sarkar, A. (2024). Metamotivational knowledge of others\u2019 achievement goals in a work context. <em>Motivation Science<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>, 110-127.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1iCIZMXCGQQGz1ZVbF-uwaO8Lygp2viGS\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stability and change in academic achievement goals: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Scherrer, V., Jalynskij, M., Elliot, A. J., Becker, J. L., &amp; Preckel, F. (2024). Stability and change in academic achievement goals: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology, 116, <\/em>629-655.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1gyFSm8MDgcV32u3BSEEAljEOu0GH4DdJ\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sommet, N., Claes, N., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2024). Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here. <em>Motivation Science, 10, <\/em>247-261.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"h-row-container gutters-row-lg-2 gutters-row-md-2 gutters-row-0 gutters-row-v-lg-2 gutters-row-v-md-2 gutters-row-v-2 style-212 style-local-306-c3 position-relative\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c3\">\n<div class=\"h-row justify-content-lg-center justify-content-md-center justify-content-center align-items-lg-stretch align-items-md-stretch align-items-stretch gutters-col-lg-2 gutters-col-md-2 gutters-col-0 gutters-col-v-lg-2 gutters-col-v-md-2 gutters-col-v-2\">\n<div class=\"h-column h-column-container d-flex h-col-lg-auto h-col-md-auto h-col-auto style-213-outer style-local-306-c4-outer\">\n<div class=\"d-flex h-flex-basis h-column__inner h-px-lg-2 h-px-md-2 h-px-2 v-inner-lg-2 v-inner-md-2 v-inner-2 style-213 style-local-306-c4 position-relative\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c4\">\n<div class=\"w-100 h-y-container h-column__content h-column__v-align flex-basis-100 align-self-lg-start align-self-md-start align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"style-214 style-local-306-c5 position-relative h-element\" data-colibri-id=\"306-c5\">\n<h3><b>2023 Publications (Selected):<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14LqS5CTpWLmiaQAW-pYFim8LJN8ybwIa\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"\u201c_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J. (2023). Energization and direction are both essential parts of motivation. In M. Bong, J.M. Reeve, S. I. Kim (Eds.), <em>Motivation science: Controversies and insights<\/em> (pp. 10-14). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1jJn_0WTyAjzPxjqkx7Zyt-9_uvIS_pmh\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Effect of Black\u2013White Income Inequality on Perceived Interracial Psychological Outcomes via Perceived Interracial Competition<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gordils, J., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Jamieson, J. P. (2023). The effect of Black-White income inequality on perceived interracial psychological outcomes via perceived interracial competition. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology: General, 132<\/em>, 2479-2503.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Codu_es1BBQJ_31OP6DB8JZMRHlQQ67v\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mastery-Approach Goals: A Large-Scale Cross-Cultural Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Guo, J., Hu, X., Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K, Marsh, H. W., Basarkod, G., Parker, P., &amp; Dicke, T. (2023). Mastery-approach goals: A large-scale cross-cultural analysis of antecedents and consequences. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125<\/em>, 397-420.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1E9mZ-LeC8Dt_3EQZvHkMovAASzz0FMnH\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Competitiveness-Based Theoretical Framework on the Psychology of Income Inequality<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sommet, N., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2023). A competitiveness-based theoretical framework on the psychology of income inequality. <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32<\/em>, 318-327.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1b194vkuERxRoJSAb0FNctlQvTyLoGGwe\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Income Inequality Predicts Competitiveness and Cooperativeness at School<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sommet, N., Weissman, D. L., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2023). Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology, 115<\/em>, 173-191.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14N8i5yaRpelUt6FX7wr2Uxm5eFh8YDM3\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Achievement Goal Perception: An Interpersonal Approach to Achievement Goals<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Weissman, D. L., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2023). Achievement goal perception: An interpersonal approach to achievement goals. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125<\/em>, 607-628.<\/p>\n<h3><b>2022 Publications (Selected):<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1bY_v2sXcFCpXSOL7DIH86aVUiMM3Vjvd\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Economic status and avoidance motivation: a meta\u2011analysis<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gilbert, K. M., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Le, B. M. (2022). Economic status and avoidance motivation: A meta-analysis. <em>Motivation and Emotion<\/em>, <em>46<\/em>, 293-306.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/19sXFWysManofaABEV-hl9rTO7ChBGu45\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knowledge of Wealth Shapes Social Impressions<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sarkar, A., Nithyanand, D., Sarkar, R., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, I., Sella, F., Cohen Kadosh, R., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Thompson, J. (2022). Knowledge of wealth shapes social impressions. <em>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied<\/em>, <em>28<\/em>, 205-236.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1PfbwaVWdIJsI7PloPnZpbC3hKZdNIK_I\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The efects of U.S. county and state income inequality on self\u2011reported happiness and health are equivalent to zero<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sommet, N., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2022). The effect of local income inequality on health is equivalent to zero. <em>Quality of Life Research<\/em>, <em>31<\/em>, 1999-2009.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Rp1s8npWEFLkKeme82Y8-u86XjNkbnTv\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spontaneous Use of Retrieval and Rereading: Relation to Achievement Goals and Exam Performance<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Wallace, A., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Rogge, R. (2022). Spontaneous use of retrieval and rereading: Relation to achievement goals and exam performance.<em> Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>, <em>114<\/em>, 1412-1426.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/16hXXTo9aPueaUeFXorGMZOFNxATdnBFt\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dispositional predictors of perceived academic competitiveness: Evidence from multiple countries<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Weissman, D., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Sommet, N. (2022). Dispositional predictors of perceived academic competitiveness: Evidence from multiple countries, <em>Personality and Individual Differences, 198<\/em>, 11801.<\/p>\n<h3><b>2021 Publications (Selected):<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1JBdbGEjqBKvZs0hlVCWtSuWDgK3OxSGS\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social Comparison Information, Performance Expectancy, and Performance Goal Adoption<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J., Weissman, D., Hangen, E., &amp; Thorstenson, C. A. (2021). Social comparison information, performance expectancy, and performance goal adoption. <em>Motivation Science<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>, 56-67.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1W_6DSczNjyXVYgKhD8hb0NrbYlf-HVmS\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gordils, J., Jamieson, J., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Sommet, N. (2021). The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. <em>PLoS One<\/em>, e0245671<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1EQ_Ma672bjMGPCk6xSH0vGjg-hhiUCeW\/view?usp=sharinghttps:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1EQ_Ma672bjMGPCk6xSH0vGjg-hhiUCeW\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improving Reading Instruction and Students\u2019 Reading Skills in the Early Grades: Evidence From a Randomized Evaluation in Haiti<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Guzm\u00e1n J. C., Schuenke-Lucien, K., D\u2019Agostino, A. J., Berends, M., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2021). Improving reading skills in early grades: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Haiti. <em>Reading Research Quarterly<\/em>, <em>56<\/em>, 173-193.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1mGVX-rbcgBb2yxuSPJ6HFxBlpJgPUivU\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social comparison orientation and trait competitiveness: Their interrelation and utility in predicting overall and domain-specific risk-taking<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Liu, Z., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Li, Y. (2021). Social comparison orientation and trait competitiveness: Their interrelation and utility in predicting overall and domain-specific risk-taking. <em>Personality and Individual Differences<\/em>, <em>171<\/em>, 110451.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/161j7rsyXnT2UkZECNU3LPQMvTmNsdLzj\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moderation of the Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect: Juxtaposition of Evolutionary (Darwinian-Economic) and Achievement Motivation Theory Predictions Based on a Delphi Approach<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Marsh, H., Xu, K., Parker, P., Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., Guo, J., Dicke, T., &amp; Basarkod, G. (2021). Moderation of the big-fish-little-pond-effect: Juxtaposition of evolutionary (Darwinian-economic) and achievement motivation theory predictions. <em>Educational Psychology Review<\/em>, <em>33<\/em>, 1353-1378.<\/p>\n<h3><b>2020 Publications (Selected):<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1KnN2uyFJfteY20OSnHCz3f9L3o96tPyW\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Competition and Achievement Outcomes: A Hierarchical Motivational Analysis<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elliot, A. J. (2020). Competition and achievement outcomes: A hierarchal motivational analysis. <em>Motivation Science<\/em>, <em>6<\/em>, 3-11.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1hnpZiAd6cRLL-FkqRjzlGoSqFKpXJ-vu\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gordils, J., Jamieson, J., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Sommet, N. (2020). Racial income inequality promotes perceptions of competition and predicts negative interracial outcomes. <em>Social Psychological and Personality Science<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 74-87.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1F1l9p0UqfJvWwXihcM37gorqt5mD4US6\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Development of Achievement Goals and Their Relation to Academic Interest and Achievement in Adolescence: A Review of the Literature and Two Longitudinal Studies<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Scherrer, V., Preckel, F., Schmidt, I, &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2020). Development of achievement goals and their relation to academic interest and achievement: A review of the literature and two longitudinal studies. <em>Developmental Psychology<\/em>, <em>56<\/em>, 795-814.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/19bUf2SIoV-swL2Wr-zXOKlRsZ7PeLCKz\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The relation between symmetry in food packaging and approach and avoidance words<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Velesco, C., Pathak, A., Woods, A. T., Corredor, A., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2020). The relation between symmetry<br \/>\nin food packaging and approach and avoidance words. <em>Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology<\/em>, <em>73<\/em>, 654-663.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1x-RlcvyvsvNr4Fqmrj2quosIVlBx2uhV\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The infuence of competition and performance goals on decoding complex emotions<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Young, S., &amp; Elliot, A. J. (2020). The influence of competition and performance goals on decoding complex emotions.<br \/>\n<em>Motivation and Emotion<\/em>, <em>44<\/em>, 911-920.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2025 Publications (Selected): Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students Elliot, A. J., Alzaidi, A., Weissman, D. L., &amp; Kobeisy, N. (2025). Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 53, 438-455. Teachers\u2019 metamotivational knowledge about students\u2019 &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/labsites.rochester.edu\/andrewjelliotresearchlab\/publications\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Publications&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":3086,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inspiro_hide_title":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-306","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Publications - Elliot Research Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/labsites.rochester.edu\/andrewjelliotresearchlab\/publications\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Publications - Elliot Research Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"2025 Publications (Selected): Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students Elliot, A. J., Alzaidi, A., Weissman, D. L., &amp; Kobeisy, N. (2025). Principals\u2019 achievement motives and implicit theories predict principals\u2019 desired achievement goals for their students. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 53, 438-455. 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